A new study published in the International Journal of Sexual Health suggests that gaps in early sex education may have lasting negative effects on the romantic and sexual lives of adults. The findings indicate that many adults feel their lack of knowledge regarding topics like consent, communication, and healthy relationships has contributed to difficulties in their personal lives. This research highlights a potential need for educational resources designed specifically for adults to address these lingering deficits.
Sexual health education has historically focused on the needs of adolescents and youth. The primary goals of these programs are often limited to preventing unintended pregnancy and reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. However, health advocates and international bodies like the World Health Organization argue for a broader approach. They recommend comprehensive sex education that includes instruction on respect, bodily autonomy, and the emotional aspects of relationships.
Despite these recommendations, many educational systems in the United States do not require comprehensive instruction. Some states limit education to abstinence-only curricula, while others do not mandate sex education at all. As a result, many students leave the school system with incomplete knowledge about human sexuality. Researchers have noted that this lack of information does not simply resolve itself once a student reaches adulthood.
The authors of the current study sought to investigate how these educational gaps persist later in life. They aimed to understand how single adults perceive the quality of the education they received in their youth. Additionally, the researchers wanted to determine if adults believe that better education would have improved their current romantic and sexual experiences. This focus on the adult perspective offers a different viewpoint from traditional studies that survey students currently in the classroom.
“When it comes to sex education, most of the research and debate focuses on K-12 education. We wanted to examine how adults reflect on the sex education the received when they were younger (if any) and how it affected their subsequent sexual and romantic relationships,” said study author Jessica J. Hille, the assistant director for education at the Kinsey Institute.
The data for the new research was drawn from the “Singles in America” study, which is an annual survey of unpartnered adults. The researchers utilized a demographically representative sample recruited through a third-party Internet research panel. The final analytic sample consisted of 3,895 single adults living in the United States. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 98 years, providing a wide cross-section of generational experiences.
Participants completed a detailed survey designed to assess their past learning experiences. The researchers presented a list of 16 topics related to sex, gender, and reproduction. These topics included subjects such as puberty, contraception, consent, pleasure, and how to communicate desires to a partner. For each subject, respondents indicated the source of their information, whether it was school, family, friends, or another source. They could also indicate if they never learned about the topic at all.
The study also measured the perceived impact of these educational experiences. Participants who reported gaps in their knowledge were asked to reflect on how additional information might have affected them. They selected from a list of potential outcomes, such as having healthier romantic relationships or possessing a better understanding of their own bodies. This retrospective assessment allowed the researchers to quantify the perceived value of sex education through the lens of lived adult experience.
The analysis revealed that formal schooling covered a relatively narrow range of topics for most participants. Approximately 55 percent of the respondents reported learning about reproduction or pregnancy in a school setting. Other biological and safety-focused topics, such as puberty and contraception, were covered for roughly 40 percent of the sample. These figures align with the traditional focus of American sex education on biological mechanics and disease prevention.
In contrast, the study found that schools rarely addressed the interpersonal and emotional aspects of sexuality. Only 17 percent of participants reported learning about consent in a classroom environment. Even fewer, approximately 7 percent, received instruction on what constitutes a healthy romantic relationship. Topics related to sexual pleasure and communication were almost entirely absent from school curricula, with only about 4 percent of respondents recalling these lessons.
When considering all sources of information, including family and peers, significant knowledge gaps remained for a large portion of the sample. The researchers found that approximately one-third of the participants never received any information about healthy relationships during their youth. Similarly, about one-third reported learning nothing about consent or how to navigate dating from any source.
The gaps were particularly pronounced regarding communication skills. Nearly 40 percent of participants indicated they never learned how to tell a partner what they wanted sexually. Additionally, more than one-third reported a lack of education regarding gender identity or what sexual initiation would feel like. These findings suggest that many adults navigated their early sexual experiences without a foundational understanding of how to interact with a partner.
The perceived impact of these deficits was substantial. More than 90 percent of the participants reported that receiving more information would have had a positive effect on their lives today. Specifically, 44 percent believed that better education would have led to healthier romantic relationships. This suggests a strong link in the minds of participants between early education and adult relationship quality.
Other benefits cited by participants included improved personal confidence and competence. Approximately 40 percent of respondents felt that comprehensive education would have increased their sexual confidence. A similar percentage believed it would have helped them understand how to be a better partner. About 35 percent of the sample indicated that better sex education would have improved their overall quality of life.
“Lack of sex education can affect adult relationships, and many people believe that they would have benefited from better sex education. Adults who didn’t receive this kind of education when they were younger may still need reliable resources that they can access now, outside of a school-based curriculum.”
There are some limitations to consider. The data relies on retrospective reports, which means participants had to recall educational experiences that may have occurred decades ago. Memory can be fallible, and perceptions of past events can shift over time.
The sample was also restricted to single adults, which provided a specific snapshot of the population. The experiences and perceptions of married individuals or those in long-term committed relationships might differ. Future research could examine whether these patterns hold true for coupled adults. Another area for future investigation involves the resources adults use to educate themselves later in life.
“I’m interested in focusing on sex education for adults. People who are no longer in school can’t benefit from K-12 programs, but they still need reliable, comprehensive information. Recently, the Kinsey Institute partnered with the educational YouTube channel Crash Course to produce the 15-episode series Crash Course Sex Ed. The evidence-based videos in the series cover topics from anatomy and reproduction to consent and pleasure.”
“I’m also beginning a research project to evaluate responses to Crash Course Sex Ed, particularly how adults are using it for their own education and how parents might use it to help teach their kids about sex and relationships.”
The study, “If I Only Knew Then: Single Adults’ Perceptions of the Impact of Sex Education on Their Romantic and Sexual Lives,” was authored by Jessica J. Hille, Justin R. Garcia, and Amanda N. Gesselman.
