Loneliness and self-doubt mediate the link between depression and meaning in life

A new study suggests that depression diminishes a person’s sense of meaning in life by triggering feelings of loneliness and lowering their self-evaluation. The research identifies specific psychological pathways that vary across different developmental stages, from adolescence to middle adulthood. These findings were published in the Journal of Humanistic Psychology.

The concept of meaning in life is considered a fundamental human need. It generally refers to a subjective experience where an individual feels their life has coherence, purpose, and significance. Mental health professionals recognize that this sense of meaning is closely tied to overall psychological well-being.

Depression is known to disrupt this sense of purpose, often leaving individuals feeling disconnected or aimless. While the link between depression and a lack of meaning is well-established, the specific psychological mechanisms that drive this relationship have been less clear.

The authors of the nwe study sought to understand how depression ultimately erodes a person’s sense of meaning. They proposed that two specific factors might act as intermediaries: loneliness and core self-evaluation. Loneliness involves a distressing feeling of social isolation or a lack of connection.

Core self-evaluation is a broad personality trait that encompasses an individual’s subconscious appraisal of their own worth, capability, and emotional stability. The researchers hypothesized that depression might increase loneliness, which in turn damages self-evaluation, finally resulting in a loss of meaning.

Another primary goal of the investigation was to view these dynamics through a developmental lens. Most prior research has treated the relationship between mental health and meaning as static. However, psychological needs and challenges change as people age. Adolescents face different existential questions than middle-aged adults. The research team aimed to determine if the pathways connecting depression to meaning in life differ depending on whether a person is in high school, college, or mid-life.

To investigate these questions, the researchers recruited a total of 1,255 participants from China. The sample was stratified into four distinct groups to represent different life stages. This included 203 junior high school students and 225 senior high school students. The sample also included 524 college students and 303 middle-aged adults. The ages of the participants ranged from 11 to 76 years.

Participants completed a series of standardized questionnaires via an online platform. To assess their sense of purpose, they completed the Quadripartite Existential Meaning Scale. This measure evaluates four dimensions of meaning: comprehension, purpose, internal value, and external value. The severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

The researchers also assessed feelings of isolation using the Loneliness Scale. This tool asks participants to rate the frequency of feelings such as lacking companionship or feeling that no one can be trusted. Finally, the Core Self-Evaluations Scale was used to measure participants’ fundamental beliefs about their own competence and worth. The researchers then used statistical modeling to analyze the relationships between these variables.

The results provided evidence for a negative correlation between depression and meaning in life across the entire sample. As depression scores increased, reported meaning in life tended to decrease. The statistical analysis supported the researchers’ hypothesis of a “chain mediation” model. The data suggests that depression first acts to increase feelings of loneliness. This heightened loneliness then predicts a decrease in core self-evaluation. Finally, this lowered sense of self-worth predicts a reduction in the sense of meaning in life.

Beyond the general model, the study revealed significant differences based on age. For senior high school students, the link between depression and loneliness was stronger than in any other group. The researchers suggest this may be due to the intense identity formation and academic pressure that characterizes this life stage in China. Late adolescence is a period of high sensitivity to social inclusion and peer relationships. Consequently, depressive symptoms in this group appear to manifest heavily as feelings of social isolation.

For college students, the results indicated that core self-evaluation was the strongest predictor of meaning in life. This developmental stage is often defined by career exploration and the solidification of an independent identity. College students are actively assessing their capabilities and potential for future success. A positive self-assessment appears to be the primary driver for finding meaning during these years.

In contrast, the middle-aged group showed a different pattern. For these adults, depression had a more direct negative impact on meaning in life compared to the younger groups. This impact was less dependent on the mediating factors of loneliness or self-evaluation. Developmental theories suggest that middle adulthood involves a review of one’s life and accomplishments. Depression at this stage may directly attack a person’s sense of coherence and significance, particularly if they are grappling with unrealized ambitions or role transitions.

The findings indicate that while depression is universally harmful to a sense of meaning, the route it takes varies by age. For adolescents, the pathway runs strongly through social isolation. For young adults, it runs through their sense of competence. For older adults, the existential threat of depression appears more immediate and direct.

There are limitations to this study that should be noted. The research utilized a cross-sectional design, meaning all data was collected at a single point in time. This prevents the researchers from establishing a definitive cause-and-effect relationship. It is possible that a lack of meaning could contribute to depression, rather than the other way around. Longitudinal studies would be required to confirm the direction of these effects.

Additionally, the study was conducted exclusively within a Chinese cultural context. China is often described as having a collectivist culture that emphasizes social harmony and interdependence. This cultural backdrop may influence how individuals experience loneliness and meaning. The strong link between relationships and meaning observed in this study might present differently in more individualistic cultures. Future research would need to replicate these methods in diverse cultural settings to verify the universality of the findings.

The sample composition also presents some constraints. The participants were predominantly from rural areas, and the middle-aged group had a wide age range that might obscure differences between early and late middle age. The study relied on self-reports for health status, meaning that participants were not clinically diagnosed with depression. Future scholarship could benefit from using clinical samples and more detailed demographic data.

Despite these limitations, the study offers practical insights for mental health interventions. The results imply that supporting adolescents requires a focus on reducing social isolation and loneliness.

Interventions for college students might be most effective if they focus on boosting self-efficacy and self-worth. For middle-aged adults, therapy might need to address the existential symptoms of depression directly. By understanding the age-specific mechanisms that erode meaning, practitioners can better tailor their support to the developmental needs of their clients.

The study, “Relationship Between Depression and Meaning in Life: Mediating Roles of Loneliness and Core Self-Evaluation,” was authored by Junjun Fu, Yanzhen Zhang, Yu Tian, Shifeng Li, and Liling Wang.