Vulnerable narcissism is strongly associated with insecure attachment, study finds

A new meta-analysis provides evidence that the quality of emotional bonds formed in adulthood is connected to specific types of narcissism. The findings indicate that insecure attachment styles are strong risk factors for vulnerable narcissism, whereas grandiose narcissism appears largely unrelated to these attachment patterns. This research was published in the journal Personality and Individual Differences.

Psychologists classify narcissism into two primary subtypes that share antagonistic traits but differ in their expression. Grandiose narcissism is characterized by extraversion, aggression, and a dominant interpersonal style. Individuals with these traits tend to have an inflated sense of self-importance and often seek to control others.

Vulnerable narcissism presents a different profile marked by introversion and high neuroticism. People with high levels of vulnerable narcissism possess a fragile sense of self and are hypersensitive to the opinions of others. They often display a defensive form of grandiosity that masks deep-seated feelings of inadequacy.

Narcissistic traits are associated with various negative outcomes in life, particularly within interpersonal relationships. Romantic partnerships involving narcissistic individuals often suffer from a lack of commitment and higher rates of infidelity. These relationships can be characterized by manipulation and aggression during conflicts.

To understand the origins of these maladaptive patterns, researchers often look to attachment theory. This theory posits that early experiences with caregivers shape “internal working models” of the self and others. These models persist into adulthood and influence how individuals navigate romantic intimacy and emotional dependency.

Previous research on the link between attachment and narcissism has produced inconsistent results. Some studies have suggested links between narcissism and anxious attachment, while others have pointed toward avoidant styles. The authors of the current study aimed to resolve these inconsistencies by systematically reviewing and synthesizing data from existing literature.

“Our interest came from wanting to better understand developmental risk factors that might help explain how narcissistic traits emerge. The existing literature was inconsistent and often treated narcissism as a single construct, so we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify how different attachment styles relate to different forms of narcissism. This allowed us to bring together a large body of evidence and resolve some of that inconsistency,” said study author Megan Willis, an associate professor at Australian Catholic University.

The researchers searched five major academic databases for studies published up to May 2024. To be included in the review, studies had to be written in English and utilize validated measures of both adult attachment and trait narcissism.

The review focused exclusively on non-clinical adult samples to understand these traits in the general population. The researchers utilized a tool called AXIS to assess the quality and potential bias of the selected studies. This process resulted in a final selection of 33 studies.

The combined sample across these studies included 10,675 participants. The researchers used statistical software to calculate the overall strength of the relationships between narcissism subtypes and four distinct attachment styles. These styles are secure, preoccupied, dismissive, and fearful.

Secure attachment is defined by a positive view of both oneself and others. People with this style are generally comfortable with intimacy and independence. Preoccupied attachment involves a negative view of the self but a positive view of others, leading to anxiety and a need for reassurance.

Dismissive attachment is characterized by a positive view of the self but a negative view of others. Individuals with this style tend to avoid intimacy and prioritize self-reliance. Fearful attachment involves negative views of both the self and others, resulting in a desire for contact paired with a fear of rejection.

The meta-analysis revealed that the relationship between attachment and narcissism depends heavily on the specific subtype of narcissism involved. Vulnerable narcissism showed a significant positive relationship with all three forms of insecure attachment. The strongest association was found between vulnerable narcissism and preoccupied attachment.

This finding suggests that vulnerable narcissism is closely linked to anxiety regarding abandonment and a dependence on external validation. Individuals with these traits may use narcissistic behaviors as a compensatory strategy. They may seek excessive reassurance to regulate a fragile self-esteem that relies on others’ approval.

A moderate positive relationship was also observed between vulnerable narcissism and fearful attachment. This attachment style is often rooted in inconsistent or rejecting caregiving. The link implies that vulnerable narcissism may involve defensive withdrawal and hypervigilance in relationships.

“In many ways the findings were consistent with what we expected, particularly the link between insecure attachment and vulnerable narcissism,” Willis told PsyPost. “What did surprise us was the strength of those relationships, especially for preoccupied and fearful attachment. The effects were stronger than I would have predicted going into the study.”

The researchers also found a weak but significant relationship between vulnerable narcissism and dismissive attachment. This indicates that while these individuals may crave validation, they also employ strategies to maintain emotional distance. Consistent with these findings, vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with secure attachment.

The results for grandiose narcissism presented a sharp contrast. The analysis showed no significant relationship between grandiose narcissism and any of the insecure attachment styles. There was a negligible positive relationship with secure attachment, but it was not strong enough to be considered practically meaningful.

These findings challenge the idea that all forms of narcissism stem from deep-seated insecurity or attachment wounds. Grandiose narcissism appears to be distinct from the anxiety and avoidance that characterize vulnerable narcissism. Some theories suggest grandiose traits may stem from parental overvaluation rather than lack of warmth.

“The key takeaway is that attachment styles — particularly fearful and preoccupied attachment — are important risk factors for vulnerable narcissism,” Willis explained. “This suggests that fostering secure attachment in childhood and helping people work through attachment wounds later in life may reduce the risk of these patterns developing or persisting.”

As with all research, there are some limitations. The data analyzed was cross-sectional, meaning it captures a snapshot in time. This prevents researchers from determining whether insecure attachment causes narcissism or if narcissistic traits lead to insecure attachment.

“These findings are correlational, so we cannot say attachment causes narcissism,” Willis noted. “They also do not mean that everyone with insecure attachment will develop vulnerable narcissism. What our results do suggest, however, is that for people who are high in vulnerable narcissism, insecure attachment may be an important risk factor.”

The reliance on self-report measures is another constraint. Individuals with narcissistic traits may lack the self-awareness or willingness to report their behaviors accurately. This is especially true for grandiose narcissists who may exaggerate their sense of security.

Future research should focus on longitudinal studies that track individuals from childhood through adulthood. This would help clarify the causal pathways between early caregiving experiences and the development of narcissistic traits. Researchers also recommend investigating how these dynamics might differ across various cultures and genders.

“A key long-term goal is to increase understanding and education about the importance of attachment in childhood and how early relationships can have lifelong effects,” Willis said. “I’m particularly interested in how parenting and early caregiving shape emotion regulation and interpersonal functioning. In my current work, I’m examining whether difficulties with emotion regulation help explain the link between vulnerable narcissism and intimate partner violence. This may help inform more targeted prevention and intervention strategies.”

The study, “The relationship between attachment styles and narcissism: a systematic and meta-analytic review,” was authored by Jamie Mohay, Kadie Cheng, Xochitl de la Piedad Garcia, and Megan L. Willis.