Psychopathic female criminals exhibit unexpected patterns of emotional processing

Recent research indicates that incarcerated women with psychopathic traits exhibit unexpected patterns of emotional processing, particularly when viewing unpleasant images. A new study suggests that instead of displaying the fearlessness often associated with psychopathy, these women may engage in defensive emotional regulation strategies that result in a reduced sense of control. These findings were published in the journal Women & Criminal Justice.

Psychopathy is a personality construct characterized by emotional deficits and antisocial behavior. It is historically studied through a male-centric lens. Researchers have established that the disorder manifests differently across genders. Men often display overt physical aggression. Women are more likely to utilize relational aggression, such as manipulation or emotional exploitation.

This difference creates a gap in scientific understanding regarding how female offenders process emotions. The biological and social mechanisms driving these behaviors remain unclear. Understanding these nuances is essential for creating effective rehabilitation programs.

Marina Pinheiro and her colleagues at the University of Minho in Portugal sought to address this disparity. They designed an investigation to measure how women in prison respond to visual emotional stimuli. Their objective was to determine if psychopathic traits correlate with specific deficits in how these women perceive positive, negative, and neutral scenes.

The research team recruited 164 women from four different prisons in Portugal. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 81 years. A majority of the women were serving sentences for drug trafficking or violent offenses. The researchers first assessed the participants using the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale – Short Form.

This assessment tool divides psychopathic traits into four categories. The interpersonal factor involves manipulation and grandiosity. The affective factor covers lack of empathy and guilt. The lifestyle factor includes impulsivity and irresponsibility. The antisocial factor pertains to poor behavioral control and criminal history.

Based on the scores from this scale, the researchers separated the participants into two groups. One group consisted of women with lower psychopathic propensities. The other group included those with higher psychopathic propensities. This categorization allowed for a direct comparison of emotional responses between the two profiles.

To measure emotional processing, the team employed the International Affective Picture System. This is a standardized database of photographs widely used in psychological research. The researchers selected 30 images for the experiment. Ten were pleasant, ten were unpleasant, and ten were neutral.

Participants viewed these images on a screen. After viewing each picture, they rated their emotional response using the Self-Assessment Manikin. This system uses graphic characters to represent three emotional dimensions. The first dimension is valence, which measures how happy or sad an image makes the viewer feel.

The second dimension is arousal. This measures the intensity of the emotion, ranging from calm to excited. The third dimension is dominance. This scale assesses the degree of control the viewer feels over the emotional experience, ranging from feeling dominated to feeling in control.

The results revealed distinct differences in how the two groups processed the images. The researchers found that women with higher psychopathic propensities reported significantly lower arousal levels when viewing neutral images. For example, pictures of a man or a rug elicited very little emotional activation in this group.

This lack of response aligns with the theory of sensation seeking. Individuals with psychopathic traits often require more intense stimulation to feel the same level of excitement as others. A mundane or neutral image simply does not register as stimulating.

The study produced unexpected results regarding the dominance dimension. The researchers hypothesized that women with high psychopathic traits would feel more dominant and in control. This prediction was based on the typical profile of psychopathy involving boldness and a desire for control.

The data showed the opposite. Women with higher psychopathic propensities reported feeling less dominant when viewing unpleasant images. They felt a diminished sense of control compared to the women with lower psychopathic traits. This was particularly true for images depicting suffering, such as a battered female or an electric chair.

This finding suggests a defensive mechanism. The researchers propose that these women may emotionally disengage from distressing stimuli to avoid discomfort. This disengagement results in a subjective feeling of losing control over the experience. It is a form of passive avoidance rather than active dominance.

Specific images triggered revealing responses. When viewing an image of a corpse, the high-psychopathy group reported lower arousal and rated the image as less negative than the comparison group. This indicates a “blunting” effect, where the women are desensitized to graphic content that typically disturbs others.

Conversely, an image of a jail elicited higher arousal in the high-psychopathy group. This reaction suggests a specific sensitivity to threats involving confinement or punishment. It contradicts the idea that individuals with psychopathy are universally fearless. They may be hypo-reactive to others’ pain but hyper-reactive to threats against their own freedom.

The study also examined the “lifestyle” factor of psychopathy. This factor is linked to impulsivity and recklessness. The analysis showed that women scoring high in this area rated pleasant images as less positive. This suggests a general dampening of emotional response to positive rewards.

The authors discussed the concept of “ghost memories” to explain some of these findings. These are internalized, often unconscious memories of past trauma or neglect. Many incarcerated women have histories of severe victimization. These past experiences can distort how they perceive current emotional stimuli.

A neutral image might not be perceived as truly neutral if it triggers a ghost memory. Similarly, an unpleasant image might force the individual to shut down emotionally to protect themselves. This creates the pattern of low arousal and low dominance observed in the study.

The researchers note that this defensive regulation might hinder rehabilitation. If a woman cannot process negative emotions or empathize with suffering because she is defensively shutting down, standard therapies may fail. Interventions might need to focus on emotional safety and regulation before addressing behavioral change.

There are limitations to this research that affect how the results should be interpreted. The study relied on self-reported measures for psychopathy. Participants in a prison setting may not answer honestly due to a desire to appear socially desirable. The researchers did control for social desirability statistically, but it remains a potential bias.

The prison environment itself is a confounding variable. Confinement creates a baseline of stress and negativity that could influence how all images are perceived. The study was cross-sectional, meaning it looked at a single point in time. It cannot prove that psychopathic traits caused the emotional processing deficits, only that they are related.

Future research is needed to validate these findings using objective measures. Physiological tools, such as skin conductance sensors or brain imaging, could provide data that is not reliant on self-reporting. Longitudinal studies following women over time could help clarify the direction of the relationship between trauma, psychopathy, and emotion.

This investigation highlights the complexity of female psychopathy. It challenges the stereotype of the cold, dominant manipulator. Instead, it presents a picture of women who may be emotionally dysregulated and defensively detached. These insights could lead to more tailored and effective treatment strategies for women in the criminal justice system.

The study, “Emotional Processing of Pictures and Psychopathic Traits in Women Who Committed Crimes,” was authored by Marina Pinheiro, Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves, and Olga Cunha.